8D

8D is an abbreviation for Eight Disciplined Steps.  Eight disciplined steps in problem solving and corrective action.  Popularized by Ford Motor Company in the 1980’s, the 8D is now pretty much universal. A recent form of the 8D is the known as the Global 8D.  The Global 8D is a computer driven 8D format that has the user capture a significant amount of ancillary information about the problem. This information is compiled in a database and provides the user with information about unseen patterns that may indicate additional systems failures. The original Eight Disciplined Steps are as follows: 

1. Use team approach. Establish a small group of people with the process/product knowledge, allocated time, authority and skill in the required technical disciplines to solve the problem and implement corrective actions. The group must have a designated champion.

2. Describe the problem. Specify the internal/external customer problem by identifying in quantifiable terms the: who, what, when, where, why, how, how many (5W2H) for the problems.

3. Implement and verify interim (containment) actions. Define and implement containment actions to isolate the effect of problem from any internal/external customer until corrective action is implemented. Verify the effectiveness of the containment action.

4. Define and verify root causes. Identify all potential causes that could explain why the problem occurred. Isolate and verify the root cause by testing each potential cause against the problem description and test data. Identify alternative corrective actions to eliminate root cause.

5. Verify corrective actions. Through pre-production test programs quantitatively confirm that the selected corrective actions will resolve the problem for the customer, and will not cause undesirable side effects. Define contingency actions, if necessary, based on risk assessment.

6. Implement permanent corrective actions. Define and implement the best permanent corrective actions. Choose on-going controls to ensure the root cause is eliminated. Once in production, monitor the long-term effects and implement contingency actions, if necessary.

7. Prevent recurrence. Modify the management systems, operating systems, practices and procedures to prevent recurrence of this and all similar problems.

8. Congratulate your team. Recognize the collective efforts of the team.

9. The above 8D format is always documented on a form that includes all the basic information about the problem, the date, departments and people involved and timelines for completion. To adequately complete the 8D, the user has to know all f the basic quality tools including some statistical methods.  

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